Declared a sanctuary in 1959, Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary was initially established to protect the dwindling population of Indian bison and other wildlife in the region. The area was once a prime hunting ground for local rulers and British officers, leading to significant habitat destruction and a decline in animal numbers. Recognizing the ecological importance of the region, the forest department took steps to conserve the remaining forests and wildlife. Over the years, the sanctuary has expanded its conservation efforts to include a wider range of species and habitats. Today, it serves as a vital refuge for endangered species and a center for environmental education and research.