The museum's collection primarily originates from the ancient city of Amaravati, which was a significant Buddhist center from the 3rd century BCE to the 14th century CE. The site was particularly prominent during the Satavahana dynasty's rule. The museum was established to preserve the archaeological finds from the area, including the famous Amaravati stupa. Over the years, excavations have yielded numerous sculptures, inscriptions, and pottery items, which are now displayed in the museum. These artifacts provide valuable information about the religious, social, and artistic aspects of ancient Andhra.